Coil Spring Modification Technical Engineering Essay

Coil Spring Modification Technical Engineering Essay A vehicles appearance can be improved by lowering the car height. This can be achieved by heating or cutting the coil springs. However, this modification can have effects on the vehicle wind resistance, centre of gravity and reduce excessive body role. This modification contributes in fuel efficiency and better handling. It can also have negative impacts and could cause a big damage in the vehicle as well as being unsafe for the passengers if not done properly. Compression springs are the cheapest coil spring to manufacture, they are built to withstand the forces of linear compression or pushing forces that makes them as the most durable type of coil spring available. The coil springs are made of heavy gauge steel wire that is used to support the vehicle. The ends are designed to be flat because of the applied evenly force at each end of the spring, decreases the buckling tendency, or to provide exact seating requirements and solid height reduction which may be compulsory by specific uses (Kiwi Springs limited, 2008). Coil springs usually have three types of ends which are: Tangential end: this type of spring will fall over if someone stands on its end because the end of the coils end remains to twist off in the space Tangential End Coil Spring Square end: the end of this design permits the spring to stand still when placed on the end because the end coil curves back down and touches the coil below it . http://www.budzter.com/images/adjusterPics/DSC00479_Small.jpg Pigtail end: this spring has the sort of square type end and contains a smaller diameter than the coil in the body of the spring http://pitstopusa.com/images/T14599086.jpg (EATON Detroit Springs, 2011) Theory Generally, the end design of the spring can tell straight whether it is safe to cut or not, which concluded that pigtail end and square end coil springs cannot be safely cut. As mentioned briefly above, cutting or heating the coil spring in the vehicle may have some implications in terms of structural integrity, drivability or road worthy aspects. Cutting the coil spring affects the spring rate to increase, stiffen it and making the handling and ride a bit firmer, this is caused by the spring design rule which uses the wire diameter and the number of coil to define the spring rate. The unit for spring rate is pound per inch (lb/in) which means amount of force needed to compress the coil spring by 1 inch. For example when cutting springs by more than 2 inches of the front suspension of the 60s or 70s Chevy without following the specifications, many problems can occur, things such as ground clearance difficulties, positive camber will be gained at an increasing rate as well as suspension traveling may be less effective. It is known that cutting a spring by 1 inch will cause the ride to get lower between 1.5 and 2 inches because of the spring ratio which is 1.5:1 and 2:1 (Smith, 2008) When having too soft spring rate the whole suspension system may be affected because the vehicle will keep on bouncing off the bump stops, while having too much spring rate can create lots of bouncing and cause the tires to lose the grip with the road. Also spring load can affect the suspension system because of the carried weight that a coil spring supports at any moment compressed height. For instance if we use a 10 tall inch spring at free height with 200 lb/in rate, with a compressed height of 6 inches, the support will be around 800 pounds at that height (De Los Santos, 2009) How do we calculate the spring rate? By using the following formula we are able to find out the spring rate of the compressed spring. K = Where k = constant pound of load per inch G = modulus of rigidity of spring material, pound per square inch d = wire diameter, inches n = number of active coils, which is the number of coils subjected to flexure (always less than the total number of coils) D = mean coil diameter, inches = Outer diameter Wire diameter http://www.engineersedge.com/spring2.gif (Engineers Edge, LLC, 2011) Experimental method In this project, the modification will be for lowering the car. Hence we are going to modify the 1995 Impala SS (Appendix 1). This modification will be simply achieved by cutting the springs. This will result in reducing the free length and spring height. Since we do not have access to the real material, this modification will be done in a virtual way by using calculation. Data: number of active coils = 6.5 inches Wire diameter = 0.685 Outside diameter of spring = 5.4375 inches Free length = 16.5 inches Compressed length = 14.05 inches By using the formula above, the conclusion of the spring rate will be 443.76 pounds/ inches (as on the appendix 1). If we want to modify this spring, we will cut one coil that will decrease the number of coils from 6.5 inches to 5.5 inches of active coils, outside diameter and wire diameter will remain the same and free length will change from 16.5 inches to 15.5 inches and compressed length from 14.05 to 13.05 inches. Results: K = = 11,250,000 x 0.6854 / 8 x 5.5 x 4.75253 K = 524.44 pounds/inch The result from the modification shows that the spring rate has been increased by 80.68 pounds/inch. According to Law Volume Vehicle Technical Association (Inc), (2000), states that no modification for changing the height of the vehicle should be done without the spring manufacturer and the heat method should not be used during the modification (Appendix 2). AA New Zealand allows modification of the road springs or shock absorbers if they are fitted as a direct replacement for the originals and should be fitted exactly the same way without raising or lowering the vehicle. Modifying the vehicle without a professional certifier could prevent the vehicle from getting WOF (Appendix 3). Discussion It is essential when modifying the coil spring to consider what reason we are modifying the spring. Other aspects that need to be considered are spring rate, spring index, total share stress and spring axial deflection. The whole suspension system might not perform as it should if proper procedures are not followed. Safety regulations should also be the main priority at all times when dealing with coil spring modification and the suspension system in general. Conclusion According to the results of the experiment in this report, it can be seen that by decreasing the spring height, the spring rate increases. By cutting the spring, we change the appearance of the car to be closer to the ground. It is very important to understand the disadvantages and advantages of what we are trying to achieve. It is also necessary for the driver to understand the change the modification will bring when using the vehicle in different environment. If the user is not able to tell the effects of modification, it is recommended to see a professional. References De Los Santos, H. (2009). Lowering Your Car Properly. Retrieved April 14, 2011 from http://www.carcraft.com/techarticles/lowering_kits/index.html EATON Detroit Springs, (2011). Cutting Coil Springs. Retrieved April 13, 2011 from http://www.eatonsprings.com/cuttingcoilsprings.html Engineers Edge LLC. (2011). Compression Spring K Constant Calculator. Retrieved April 14, 2011 from http://www.engineersedge.com/spring_comp_calc_k.htm Kiwi Springs Limited, (2008). Importers of Metal Springs Allied Products. Retrieved April 12, 2011 from http://www.kiwisprings.co.nz/coil-springs.htm Smith, J. (2008). Chevy High Performance. Retrieved April 14, 2011 from http://www.chevyhiperformance.com/techarticles/89858_chevrolet_lowering/index.html Appendices Appendix 1 The default values are from the front coil springs on a 1995 Impala SS. Number of Active Coils: Wire Diameter: inches millimeters Outside Diameter of Spring: inches millimeters Free Length: inches millimeters Compressed Length: inches millimeters Spring Rate: pounds/inch newtons/meter Pressure at compressed length: pounds newtons FORMULA: spring rate = modulus of spring steel X wire diameter4 8 X number of active coils X mean coil diameter3 modulus of spring steel = 11,250,000 pounds/inch2Â  = 78,500 newtons/millimeter2 http://www.pontiacracing.net/js_coil_spring_rate.htm Appendix 2 Low Volume Vehicle Technical Association (Inc). (2000). Springs 2.3(10) Springs and shock-absorbers fitted to low volume vehicles must be: (a) of a size and rate which is appropriate for the weight and intended use of the vehicle to which they are fitted; and (b) in the case of coil springs, of a sufficient rate so as not to fully compress upon full suspension travel. Heavy-duty and height-changing coil springs 2.3(11) Low volume vehicles fitted with coil springs must: (a) be fitted with shock absorbers which are able to satisfactorily control spring energy; and (b) where a substantial increase in spring rate occurs, be reinforced as necessary in the areas of the body or chassis or sub-frame structure on which the increased loads being transmitted are likely to cause fracturing or failure. 2.3(12) Coil springs fitted to low volume vehicles that reduce the suspension travel and, as a result, the ride height of the vehicle, must be proportionately increased in stiffness rate so as to ensure against contact between the underside of the vehicle and the road surface during normal vehicle operation when fully laden. 2.3(13) Coil springs fitted to low volume vehicles must be designed in such a way that the ends of the springs, whether of a plain, plain and ground, closed, or closed and ground configuration, are shaped to match the surfaces against which they seat, both top and bottom. 2.3(14) Progressive-rate coil springs must have the closely-wound section of the coil positioned either: (a) at the end nearest the body, chassis, or sub-frame structure; or (b) in accordance with the spring or vehicle manufacturers specifications. Coil spring containment 2.3(15) Coil springs fitted to low volume vehicles must be firmly contained within their locating seats in such a way that the springs can not rotate, move vertically, or become dislodged when the suspension travel reaches its maximum rebound, limited by either: (a) a shock absorber of a compatible stroke length; or (b) properly fastened retaining clamps; or (c) properly fastened wire-rope straps of the type used in motor-sport applications, provided that the suspension mounting points are sufficiently strong to withstand the increased loadings imposed by the sttaps reaching the end of their ttavel, particularly in the case of MacPherson-sttut suspension systems. Coil spring modifications 2.3(16) Coil springs fitted to low volume vehicles must not be modified for the purpose of changing the vehicles ride height unless either: (a) the spring is modified by a recognised spring manufacturer, and the configutation of the modified spring ends match the end configuration of the original spring; or (b) the spring: (i) fitted to the vehicle in its original configuration had plain unground ends; and (ii) no heat is used during the modification process. Low Volume Vehicle Technical Association (Inc). (2000). Suspension Systems. LVVTA Low Volume Vehicle Standard 195-00(00).

Education for All Essay

Education is the topmost priority of the government of Pakistan Awami Tehreek. The literacy rate will be raised through adult education movement and by imparting formal and informal education within a period of 10 years through a great educational revolution. The first priority of the manifesto of Pakistan Awami Tehreek is education for all (EFA). The literacy rate will be raised up to 90% in the next 10 years. The educational system from the initial stage to the level of university will be changed in the next 10 years by enforcing the modern and developed educational system. In keeping with the new educational policy the teachers will be trained in order to enhance their competence to meet the demands of new trends in education. The educational activities based upon thinking and understanding will be started systematically from early education and primary level. The basic knowledge of ideology of Pakistan and Islamic studies will be incorporated in the curriculum at every level. The educational institutions and curriculum will be purged of every kind of sectarian, regional, linguistic and sectional biases and hatred. For the effective implementation of educational reforms educational devolution scheme will be enforced in the department of education. Efforts made for the spread of education in the private sector will be encouraged at every level. Information technology will be promoted at economic, educational and industrial levels. The proposed reforms will also be implemented in the seminaries to integrate them in the national mainstream. Respect for human rights, rule of law and philanthropist behaviour will be made part of the curriculum of every level. Primary education confirmation card (PECC) for children will be issued throughout the country. The number of the students will not be allowed to exceed by 30. For this purpose the double shift system will be started in the schools so that the students are able to get maximum individual attention of the teachers. A special educational fund will be set up for the higher education of the helpless and needy students. Traders, industrialists, rich citizens and people with good economic standing will contribute to this fund on the basis of proportion of their income. Our government will impose educational emergency throughout country to achieve 90% literacy rate under 10-year educational plan. According to this plan, new educational institutions of every level will come into being and double shift system will be introduced in the existing schools. Thus the number of educational institutions will double through the introduction of this system. A ‘National Education Force’ comprising of the jobless educated youth will be established for the availability of educational staff, which will organize efforts for the achievement of 90% literacy rate. All Pakistani schools, colleges, universities and research centers will be linked to the national industrial enterprises so that the theoretical and practical knowledge is harmonized. Volunteer scholarship schemes would be launched at national level for the education of the c PAT on FB Education is the topmost priority of the government of Pakistan Awami Tehreek. The literacy rate will be raised through adult education movement and by imparting formal and informal education within a period of 10 years through a great educational revolution. The first priority of the manifesto of Pakistan Awami Tehreek is education for all (EFA). The literacy rate will be raised up to 90% in the next 10 years. The educational system from the initial stage to the level of university will be changed in the next 10 years by enforcing the modern and developed educational system. In keeping with the new educational policy the teachers will be trained in order to enhance their competence to meet the demands of new trends in education. The educational activities based upon thinking and understanding will be started systematically from early education and primary level. The basic knowledge of ideology of Pakistan and Islamic studies will be incorporated in the curriculum at every level. The educational institutions and curriculum will be purged of every kind of sectarian, regional, linguistic and sectional biases and hatred. For the effective implementation of educational reforms educational devolution scheme will be enforced in the department of education. Efforts made for the spread of education in the private sector will be encouraged at every level. Information technology will be promoted at economic, educational and industrial levels. The proposed reforms will also be implemented in the seminaries to integrate them in the national mainstream. Respect for human rights, rule of law and philanthropist behaviour will be made part of the curriculum of every level. Primary education confirmation card (PECC) for children will be issued throughout the country. The number of the students will not be allowed to exceed by 30. For this purpose the double shift system will be started in the schools so that the students are able to get maximum individual attention of the teachers. A special educational fund will be set up for the higher education of the helpless and needy students. Traders, industrialists, rich citizens and people with good economic standing will contribute to this fund on the basis of proportion of their income. Our government will impose educational emergency throughout country to achieve 90% literacy rate under 10-year educational plan. According to this plan, new educational institutions of every level will come into being and double shift system will be introduced in the existing schools. Thus the number of educational institutions will double through the introduction of this system. A ‘National Education Force’ comprising of the jobless educated youth will be established for the availability of educational staff, which will organize efforts for the achievement of 90% literacy rate. All Pakistani schools, colleges, universities and research centers will be linked to the national industrial enterprises so that the theoretical and practical knowledge is harmonized. Volunteer scholarship schemes would be launched at national level for the education.

Essay Writing Topics for School Children - Overview

Essay Writing Topics for School Children - Overview Students are accustomed to the fact which their professors give them with the assignment's topic. After graduating, some students start to try to find a work rather than going into the university. Many students think that it is a waste of time. Even a student can begin a business online. Then, it's essential to deliver a crucial review of the literature regarding the problem under discussion. If you can select the matter all on your own, it's possible to develop the issue of interest! To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's crucial to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the special area of study. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory for the initial five years after obtaining a license. You can be totally sure your paper is going to be delivered in time and be of the maximum quality. If do not have any urge to waste time on choosing the best topic and writing the entire argumentative essay from scratch, don't forget you have a loyal group of professionals by your side. Even if you're a specialist in a particular field, don't be afraid to use and cite external sources. On our site you will discover a lot more useful one of a kind information that is certain to be helpful for junior and higher school kids from, like common home task essay about Hamlet, in addition to, for instance, application essays for college for future students. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't challenging to discover. A thesis has to be arguable like in an argumentative or persuasive essay to create the readers wish to debate. In other sorts of essays, the content can fluctuate. Then, there's the format. The ESL essay ought to be grammatically accurate. Textbooks ought to be free. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Find essays on several topic and learn how to compose a terrific essay. School should happen in the evenings. Children should be asked to read more. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. Parents of bullies should need to pay a fine. Essay Writing Topics for School Children Can Be Fun for Everyone An essay is simply a string of thoughts which were put in order to earn a coherent idea. In other words, it should say how you plan to prepare for class. If your essay isn't an imaginative narrative, don't forget to do a little research on the topic before you begin prodding your pen on the paper. Even though the essay questions change, the topic of the essays often stays the same. International warming isn't a tread, it is a reality 107. Also, do not forget that you'll have to offer some factual evidence for your opinion (after all, any academic paper ought to be supported by academically recognized sources), thus do not go for subjects which are purely opinionated and don't have any possibility of justification. At length, if you are supposed to write and essay but have very little knowledge or interest in the topic, don't forget that there are lots of custom essay writers which will gladly do the task for you. Allow the professional academic writers help to your informative paper! Our professional writers know about the fundamental elements of an argumentative essay. Our crew of professional writers with the essential experience and writing skills is always prepared to fulfill your demands and exceed your expectations. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the present laws about your preferred topic actually say. When you choose a topic, you have to reply to the query and substantiate your response with three or more motivations as to why you think like that. Illegal immigration is a common phenomenon even now 85. It's needless to say that you should decide on a subject that you regard as interesting.

Life Is A Big Cycle Of Psychology - 1701 Words

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